Introduction
Vitamin B12 plays a critical role in energy production, nerve function, and red blood cell formation. Despite its importance, B12 deficiency often goes unnoticed until symptoms become severe. This silent condition can affect anyone, but certain groups—such as vegetarians, older adults, and individuals with digestive disorders—are at higher risk. Recognizing the early signs is key to preventing long-term health complications. Here’s what you need to know.

Who’s Most at Risk?

• Adults over 50
• Vegans and vegetarians
• Individuals with digestive disorders (e.g., Crohn’s disease, celiac disease)
• Those taking certain medications (e.g., metformin, proton pump inhibitors)
• People who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery

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